{"id":631,"date":"2009-02-27T13:24:40","date_gmt":"2009-02-27T13:24:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/astraea.net\/blog\/?p=631"},"modified":"2009-03-04T13:31:01","modified_gmt":"2009-03-04T13:31:01","slug":"black-is-the-new-green","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.astraea.net\/blog\/black-is-the-new-green\/","title":{"rendered":"Black is the new green,"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A popular article from the FT describing the benefits of adding charcoal to the soil.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.eprida.com\">Eprida<\/a> is commercialising this technology.\u00a0 And we add charcoal to the compost\/soil when we have it.<\/p>\n<div class=\"ft-story-header\">\n<h2 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Black is the new green<\/h2>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">By Fiona Harvey<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ft-story-body\"><script type=\"text\/javascript\">\nfunction floatContent(){var paraNum = \"3\"\nparaNum = paraNum - 1;var tb = document.getElementById('floating-con');var nl = document.getElementById('floating-target');if(tb.getElementsByTagName(\"div\").length&gt; 0){if (nl.getElementsByTagName(\"p\").length&gt;= paraNum){nl.insertBefore(tb,nl.getElementsByTagName(\"p\")[paraNum]);}else {if (nl.getElementsByTagName(\"p\").length == 3){nl.insertBefore(tb,nl.getElementsByTagName(\"p\")[2]);}else {nl.insertBefore(tb,nl.getElementsByTagName(\"p\")[0]);}}}}<\/script><\/p>\n<div id=\"floating-target\" class=\"clearfix\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">In Brazil\u2019s Amazon basin, farmers have long sought out a special form of fertiliser \u2013 a locally sourced compost-like substance prized for its amazing qualities of reviving poor or exhausted soils. They buy it in sacks or dig it out of the earth from patches that are sometimes as much as 6ft deep. Spread on fields, it retains its fertile qualities for long periods.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">They call it the terra preta do indio \u2013 literally, \u201cthe dark earth of the Indians\u201d. Dense, rich and loamy, this earth forms a stark contrast with the thin, poor soils of the region. (It seems a paradox, but rainforest soils have low fertility. This is why farmers who cut down the forest for agriculture have to keep on felling \u2013 after a few years of cropping, yields collapse and they have to move on.) Patches of terra preta extend for many hectares in some places but until recently, no one really knew what the mysterious dark earth was. Some guessed it was volcanic, or the sediment of old lakes, or the residue of some long-rotted vegetation. Few imagined that it was man-made.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Terra preta, modern analysis has proved, is one of the last remaining traces of pre-Columbian agriculture in the Amazon basin. It was made more than 2,500 \u2013 and perhaps as long as 6,000 \u2013 years ago by people living by the river. These cultures survived and supported complex agriculture, despite poor soil, by making their own earth. They used dung, fish, animal bones and plant waste \u2013 the usual suspects. But the key ingredient in terra preta, and what gives it its dark colour, is charcoal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 0px 9px;\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/media.ft.com\/cms\/9aeaf48e-0224-11de-8199-000077b07658.jpg?resize=280%2C230\" alt=\"\" width=\"280\" height=\"230\" align=\"right\" \/>\u201cIt\u2019s wonderful stuff,\u201d says Simon Shackley, a social science lecturer at the University of Edinburgh. \u201cWe started to get to know about it when Dutch scientists began to look at it in the 1960s. They found these dark soils in this area of very poor soil, where it was being put on fields like compost. It\u2019s really the product of slash-and-burn agriculture, and other organic waste, incorporated into the soils over hundreds or even thousands of years \u2013 and it does appear to be fertile indefinitely, which is really a very odd thing.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">This ancient product of the Amazon is now the subject of intense scrutiny by climate change scientists. The tenacity of the charcoal of terra preta \u2013 retaining its fertilising properties over centuries \u2013 has given them an idea. Charcoal is a form of carbon, the burnt remains of plant and animal material. If it can stay intact in the earth for so long, without being released as carbon dioxide gas, why not lock up more carbon in the earth in this manner?<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Scientists have begun to refer to the charcoal made from plants for the purpose of storing carbon as \u201cbiochar\u201d. The theory is that biomass \u2013 any plant or animal material \u2013 can be turned into charcoal by heating it in the absence of oxygen. By taking CO2 out of the atmosphere, the impact on climate change could be huge.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">. . .<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Soils naturally contain large quantities of carbon, from decayed vegetation. But this carbon is relatively unstable, in climate terms \u2013 soils give off CO2 when they are disturbed, by ploughing for example, making them as much a carbon source as a carbon sink. So the idea of trying to lock up carbon in soils has found little favour among climate scientists \u2013 indeed, it has even gained a bad name, as farmers have sought to cash in by claiming their fields should qualify for the carbon credits intended to provide financial support to projects such as wind farms or solar power plants.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">What is different about biochar is that the stability of the charcoal should make it possible to lock away the carbon it contains for hundreds of years. The carbon is mineralised, so it\u2019s very resistant to breaking down. What\u2019s more, the ancillary benefits \u2013 not just its soil-improving characteristics, but certain byproducts of its manufacture \u2013 should be enough to make it economically attractive.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">When it\u2019s made, about a third of the biomass is turned to char, a third is turned to syngas that can be burned to generate electricity, and a third into a crude oil substitute that could be very useful in making plastics, though it would be hard to use as a transport fuel. <a class=\"bodystrong\" title=\"Tim Flannery, eco-science's great campaigner\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ft.com\/cms\/s\/99b94abc-0156-11de-8f6e-000077b07658.html\" target=\"_blank\">Tim Flannery<\/a>, the eminent Australian explorer and naturalist , argues that these properties of biochar \u201callow us to address three or four critical crises at once: the climate change crisis, the energy crisis, and the food and water crises\u201d, because putting biochar in the soil not only fertilises the soil, but also helps it to retain water.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"margin: 0px 0px 0px 9px;\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/media.ft.com\/cms\/9da89564-0224-11de-8199-000077b07658.jpg?resize=250%2C200\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"200\" align=\"right\" \/>Just how much could biochar do to change the world\u2019s carbon balance? There is little doubt of the enormous amount required. Every year, human activities \u2013 burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests, converting grassland to crops and so on \u2013 contribute eight to 10 billion tonnes of carbon to the atmosphere. Most of that carbon does not go on to damage the climate \u2013 the world has a natural carbon cycle, by which carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is absorbed and re-emitted by \u201ccarbon sinks\u201d of vegetation, soils, the seas and other natural processes. But these processes are being severely overloaded, so the carbon content of the atmosphere is rising. At present, it stands at about 387 parts per million, certainly higher than at any time in the last 650,000 years and probably in the last 20 million.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">. . .<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">According to the Global Carbon Project, between 2000 and 2007, the land and ocean carbon sinks \u2013 such as forests, and plankton in the ocean \u2013 removed about 54 per cent, or 4.8 billion tonnes a year of the carbon that humans pumped into the atmosphere. That leaves a carbon surplus of about 4 billion tonnes or so per year, which we need to find ways to reduce or absorb. Moreover, the amount absorbed by natural sinks is declining as land and oceans warm, meaning every year we must either work even harder to remove carbon from the air, or stop emitting it. Even as governments talk of a \u201clow-carbon economy\u201d, global greenhouse gas emissions are rising fast. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the world authority on climate science, emissions must peak in the period 2015 to 2020 if we are to avoid the most catastrophic effects of climate change. On present projections, that will be impossible \u2013 unless a way can be found to make available cheap, easy methods of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and of generating clean electricity in ways that can be adopted around the world much more quickly than current renewable technologies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">According to some early estimates of biochar\u2019s potential, this wonder substance alone could achieve all the carbon reductions necessary to prevent further global warming. Johannes Lehmann of Cornell University and others calculated that biochar could remove between 5.5 and 9.5 billion tonnes of carbon from the air each year. But those estimates relied on heroic assumptions about the ability to make biochar easily around the world, says Shackley. \u201cThere has been a tendency to withdraw from some of the very large figures lately,\u201d he notes. \u201cNow, I would say people are talking more about something in the range of one to two billion tonnes a year.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">This may seem disappointing in comparison with previous grandiose claims, but it still represents an impressive potential contribution from a single method, Shackley says. \u201cIt\u2019s certainly not trivial,\u201d agrees Tim Lenton, professor of earth systems science at the University of East Anglia. \u201cIt might be a good-sized slice of what we need, and it has sizeable side benefits \u2013 it\u2019s win-win.\u201d If other carbon-reducing techniques \u2013 such as preserving and regrowing forests, increasing the share of energy from renewables, and the push for energy efficiency \u2013 were pursued simultaneously, the world could make the cuts needed in our \u201ccarbon budget\u201d to stave off climate disaster.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">This potential, and the unique and sometimes mysterious qualities of biochar, are making it one of the most exciting new areas of climate change research. The idea of sequestering carbon through biochar has gained some heavy-hitting scientific backers, such as James Lovelock, the maverick scientist whose Gaia hypothesis has come back into vogue. Scientists at Cornell University, led by Lehmann, are working on ways to sequestrate carbon in biochar-enriched soil. In the UK, a biochar research centre has been set up at Edinburgh university; other European countries are following suit, and research projects are under way in countries from Canada to Australia. A few companies are in the early stages of trying to find ways to commercialise biochar production. Biochar even has its own song \u2013 \u201cThe Biochar Blues\u201d \u2013 written by members of the International Biochar Initiative.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"pullquote pqthumb pqright clearfix\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\n<div class=\"container clearfix\">\n<p>The Biochar Blues<\/p>\n<p>First you take a big old drum<br \/>\nThen fill it full of dry cow dung<br \/>\nMake sure the lid\u2019s on really tight<br \/>\nThen just stick in a small stove pipe<\/p>\n<p>Light a fire under the drum<br \/>\nCook that cow dung till it\u2019s done<br \/>\nOpen the door and there you are<br \/>\nWhat you\u2019ve got is biochar<\/p><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Charcoal is, of course, nothing new. People have been making it for millennia, chiefly for fuel. The process is simple: take wood, or straw or the waste from crops, and heat it in the absence of oxygen. Traditionally, this was done by heaping earth on top of the lit biomass so that it smouldered for a long time. Modern kilns can make the process more efficient, but the principle remains the same.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">There is much about biochar that remains a puzzle, however. Take the soil-fertility effects. What is it about biochar that improves soil so much? \u201cThe simple answer is that we don\u2019t know exactly,\u201d says Shackley. \u201cIt\u2019s probably a combination of several factors. Charcoal is very porous, so it acts like a sponge in retaining water, and the nutrients dissolved in water, which is something poor soils aren\u2019t very good at. And [its porous nature] also means it provides a good material for the growth of lots of important bacteria.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Another factor in its favour is that using biochar as a fertiliser can displace artificial nitrogen fertilisers, which give off nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas 300 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. And biochar is not toxic, adds Lenton \u2013 \u201cno one has yet said there is some great hidden danger associated with it\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">But Saran Sohi, a lecturer in soil science, warns that anyone hoping that biochar alone will solve fertility problems is probably deluded \u2013 biochar is not enough by itself to make the difference that terra preta does to thin Brazilian soils. \u201cTerra preta soils also contain other nutrients, from the other substances they contain \u2013 things like bones, which are rich in phosphorus [essential for healthy plant growth],\u201d he says. The biochar undoubtedly plays a role in holding these nutrients together, ensuring they remain available to plant roots, but the nutrients must be provided by other means. \u201cNo one has yet succeeded in recreating terra preta,\u201d Shackley adds.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">To produce biochar on an industrial scale, traditional methods of charcoal production would be impractical. Instead, researchers are looking to pyrolysis \u2013 which is a form of controlled thermal decomposition of organic material in the absence of oxygen, at heats that can reach 500 to 600\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Using pyrolysis also allows the capture of the syngas and the tarry liquid byproducts, both of which can be used as fuel to generate electricity or for the heating process.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The amount of biochar to be produced depends on accelerating or slowing down the pyrolysis process: fast methods produce 20 per cent biochar and 20 per cent syngas, with 60 per cent bio-oil, while slow methods produce about 50 per cent char and far smaller quantities of oil. \u201cIt\u2019s much easier to do slow pyrolysis as well,\u201d notes Adrian Higson of the UK\u2019s National Non-Food Crops Council. \u201cAnd cheaper.\u201d As modern pyrolysis plants can be run entirely from the syngas, the output is between three and nine times the energy input required, according to the Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">What to use to make the char? Tearing down forests to turn into charcoal would be insane in climate change terms. But there is plenty of other material. Agriculture produces large amounts of plant and animal waste \u2013 straw, husks, dung. Even human waste \u2013 sewage sludge, or some forms of household rubbish \u2013 could be used.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"pullquote pqthumb pqright clearfix\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\n<div class=\"container clearfix\">\n<p>Extinction is 6\u00b0C away<\/p>\n<p>How long do we have left?<\/p>\n<p>Scientists\u2019 best estimate is that beyond 2\u00b0C of warming, the earth will start to experience some disastrous and irreversible damage. Agriculture would be unsustainable in many already hot regions, sea level rises would render some areas uninhabitable, and extremes of weather would have severe consequences for life and property.<\/p>\n<p>By 6\u00b0C or 7\u00b0C of warming, the extinction of most life on earth as we know it becomes probable. So policymakers have begun to focus on preventing more than 2\u00b0C of warming, as a broadly agreed limit. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates global greenhouse gas emissions must peak by 2015-2020 to stay under 2\u00b0C .<\/p>\n<p>How to get there?<\/p>\n<p>The simple answer is to cut greenhouse gas emissions, but this turns out to be nearly impossible in practice. Keeping the world\u2019s existing forests, such as the Amazon and the rainforests of central Africa and Indonesia, alive would be the cheapest and most effective way of combating climate change, as the cutting down of trees in these areas is the biggest single contributor to global warming. Incredibly, the world has yet to come up with a way of giving poor countries with rainforests an incentive to prevent deforestation.<\/p>\n<p>Is there anything else we can do?<\/p>\n<p>Yes, there are a few possible quick fixes, and some of them are even achievable. Remember the ozone layer? The issue, entirely separate from climate change, concerned the destruction of a protective layer of gases in the atmosphere by certain chemicals. Governments swiftly negotiated the Montreal protocol to phase out these ozone-depleting chemicals. The treaty\u2019s final phase will have more than five times the effect on the climate of the Kyoto protocol, because some chemicals involved have a large global warming effect.<\/p>\n<p>Another quick fix is to tackle soot, or black carbon \u2013 soot is the product of inefficiently combusted carbon, and its black colour means it attracts the sun\u2019s heat. So when \u201cblack carbon\u201d falls on snow or other light areas, it detracts from the earth\u2019s albedo \u2013 a measure of how much light is reflected back into space \u2013 and contributes to warming. More efficient combustion would mean less soot.<\/p>\n<p>Other quick wins include applying white paint to the roofs of houses and cars in hot areas, to reflect more heat, and painting roofs black where it is cold, to reduce the need for heating. Some \u201cgeo-engineering\u201d ideas are much more drastic, or untested, including sending out yachts to spray seawater into the atmosphere to form clouds, which would reflect heat because they are white, or filling the stratosphere with sulphur particles, which would also reflect heat, but might cause acid rain.<\/p>\n<p>Is that it?<\/p>\n<p>Policymakers meet in Copenhagen this December to hammer out a climate treaty to replace the Kyoto protocol \u2013 its current provisions expire in 2012. Without a successor there will be no binding obligation on countries to cut emissions or tackle climate change.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">And using waste products creates a double carbon saving: if left to rot, they produce methane, a greenhouse gas 20 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. But the difficulty is in gathering the waste \u2013 and making it economic to do so. Farmers will require some persuasion that the trouble of conserving and cooking their waste to a charcoal makes financial sense, and they may need new machinery to do so. At a municipal waste level, the problem will be sorting the organic waste, which can be turned to char, from the rest of the rubbish \u2013 and proving that this is cheaper and more beneficial than merely burying it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The IGSD suggests a way of marrying small-scale and industrial methods for producing the char, that if refined could enable the economically viable production of biochar in urban, rural and even poor regions. It suggests three possible systems. The first is a centralised scheme, whereby all waste biomass in a given region would be brought to a central plant for processing; the second is a decentralised system in which each farmer or a small group of farmers would have their own fairly low-tech pyrolysis kiln.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The third system proposes a mobile alternative, in which a vehicle equipped with a pyrolyser, powered using syngas, would visit small farms, returning the biochar to the farmers to use, while collecting the bio-oil to be transported to a refinery and turned into liquid biofuel for vehicles. As an example, the IGSD cites Brazil\u2019s sugar cane industry, in which the tops of the canes, normally burned in the field, and the bagasse \u2013 the residue from sugar production \u2013 could be turned efficiently into biochar. It estimates that of the 460 megatonne annual sugar cane harvest, as much as 230 megatonnes could be available for pyrolysis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">. . .<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">A clutch of companies is now working on these problems, and seeking to commercialise biochar as a medicine for both climate and soil, and as an energy source.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">As Mike Mason, founder of the carbon offsetting company Climate Care, bought by JP Morgan, somewhat ruefully notes, he had been planning by now to spend most of his time charging round Africa looking at elephants (he was born in the UK, but was raised in east Africa). But instead he decided that climate change was too great a problem to leave alone, and with his new company, Biojoule, has been investigating ways to turn biochar into a viable business. In Ontario, Canada, Dynamotive is making biochar and up to 130 tonnes a day of bio-oil at a wood-products mill. Crucible Carbon, based in Australia, predicts that its technology will allow carbon sequestration from biochar at the cost of about A$20 (\u00a39) a tonne.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Yet even without the logistical problems, others are less sure of the absolute benefits of the product. Robert Trezona, head of research and development at the Carbon Trust, a UK government-funded body that helps businesses cut their greenhouse gas emissions, worries that seeing biochar as the main output from cooking biomass might be to miss the point. The Carbon Trust is running a competition to develop pyrolysis plants, but with the aim of manufacturing liquid transport fuels from biomass, using fast pyrolysis techniques, to which biochar is merely a byproduct of questionable usefulness. \u201cProducing liquid biofuels for transport is going to be very important in cutting emissions. We don\u2019t know the same about biochar,\u201d he says. In fact, encouraging small farmers to produce biochar by traditional, low-tech methods may actually result in more greenhouse gas emissions than simply burning the plants for fuel or discarding them, he says.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\u201cThis is very much unproven,\u201d he objects. \u201cYou want to be able to show that it stays in the soil for hundreds of years, and to prove that is difficult.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The Carbon Trust is not allowing companies applying to it for funding to count the biochar byproduct of pyrolysis as part of the carbon savings they produce. \u201cWe are a long way from having enough technical evidence to create a proper case for biochar,\u201d says Trezona. \u201cEven the soil-improvement benefit is a new unexpected finding.\u201d<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Flannery disagrees. \u201cAt least half of the carbon in charcoal is still sequestered 500 years later. This has been known for a long time, from radio carbon dating from charcoal by paleontologists,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Even if biochar does not fulfil all of the potential claimed for it, it could still make an important contribution. Al Gore, the former US vice-president and environmental campaigner, likes to point out that the search for a \u201csilver bullet\u201d to solve the problem of climate change has been a distraction. Instead, he argues, though there may be no silver bullet, \u201cthere is silver buckshot\u201d. Only by bringing many different methods of cutting emissions or absorbing carbon to bear can we reduce atmospheric levels of carbon to within the limits of safety. And of those possible methods, few are as simple and cheap as biochar. Johannes Lehmann of Cornell makes the point that \u201cbiochar sequestration does not require a fundamental scientific advance and the underlying production technology is robust and simple, making it appropriate for many regions of the world\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">But no one should doubt that rolling out this technology will be a mammoth task. The problem is twofold: developing a model for biochar production that reliably reduces greenhouse gases but is easily replicable in small farms in poor countries; and in the developed world, changing the business model of large farms so that collecting and cooking their waste is a better option than not. The huge US agribusinesses may be easy to reach, and good candidates to start using their waste for char, but they are likely to need financial incentives before they begin to see the point. The poor farmers of the developing world might be glad of the husbandry advice and techniques that would help them revitalise their own soils with biochar, but how to reach them all? That may prove impossible.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">These problems of economics and communication will be the real hurdles at which biochar may fall, just as they have been the reasons why we have failed to capitalise on other ways of cutting carbon, from the very simple \u2013 small alterations to wood-fired cooking stoves in Africa and India can reduce the indoor air pollution from cooking fires that kills millions, yet hardly any homes have them \u2013 to the complex challenges, such as adopting renewable energy. A massive effort will be required to overcome the inertia that has been the downfall of other great climate ideas.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Fiona Harvey is the FT\u2019s environment correspondent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"copyright\" style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ft.com\/servicestools\/help\/copyright\">Copyright<\/a> The Financial Times Limited 2009<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A popular article from the FT describing the benefits of adding charcoal to the soil.\u00a0 Eprida is commercialising this technology.\u00a0 And we add charcoal to the compost\/soil when we have it. Black is the new green By Fiona Harvey In Brazil\u2019s Amazon basin, farmers have long sought out a special form of fertiliser \u2013 a &hellip;<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.astraea.net\/blog\/black-is-the-new-green\/\" class=\"more-link pen_button pen_element_default pen_icon_arrow_double\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Black is the new green,<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[6,22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-631","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-environment","category-living"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p4hwcd-ab","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.astraea.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/631","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.astraea.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.astraea.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.astraea.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.astraea.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=631"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.astraea.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/631\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":632,"href":"https:\/\/www.astraea.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/631\/revisions\/632"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.astraea.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=631"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.astraea.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=631"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.astraea.net\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=631"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}